Pateman On Locke Essay -- essays research papers fc

For years social contract theorists had monopolized the explanation of modern society. John Locke was among those who advocated this theory of a collectively chosen set of circumstances. Carole Pateman, on the other hand rejects many of the pillars of the social contract and specifically attacks certain aspects of Locke's argument regarding paternalism and patriarchy. Pateman defends her idea that the individual about which Locke writes is masculine, instead of the gender-encompassing form of the word "man." Pateman also argues that Locke denies the individuality of women. Instead of scrapping his entire work, however, she grants him a couple of concessions, even acknowledging Locke as anti-patriarchal. If John Locke were around to defend his theories, he would probably have an opinion about the treatment of his work. To accurately discuss Pateman's view of Locke's paternal/patriarchal theory, a working knowledge of the theory itself is necessary. According to Locke "all men by nature are equal"(Second Treatise: 43) with the exception of children who have not reached the full state of equality, but must obey their parents. Domestic and political power is vested in the Father, according to Locke. As he puts it, "the natural fathers of families, by an insensible change, became the politic monarchs of them too."(Second Treatise: 42) Locke does not reserve domestic power regarding children solely to the Father, however. Instead he claims that the mother "hath an equal title."(Second Treatise: 30) He even defends the rights of children. Locke argues that children have the same moral rights as any other person, though the child's inadequate mental faculties make it permissible for his parents to rule over him to a limited degree. "Thus we are born Free, as we are born Rational; not that we have actually the Exercise of either: Age that brings one, brings with it the other too." (Second Treatise: 30) Locke does specify that children are free because of their "father's title," in addition to being governed by the law of their father. It is less clear in this situation whether Locke is using the term "father" to include both parents as the "term" man can be interpreted to mean both sexes. It is likely, based on the tradition of male heredity prevalent during his time, that Locke liter... ...tical monarchs." Another far-reaching defense Locke could pose for his theories is a simple clarification of terms. Pateman relies heavily on the fact that Locke's definition of "man" is man, not humanity. If the late philosopher were present today he could clarify precisely what he meant by this term, and dispel or support Pateman's accusation. John Locke's view of the the social contract comes under attack by the criticism of Carole Pateman. She not only refutes his use of terms, but also accuses Locke of ignoring women. Pateman claims that Locke purposefully left women out of the original contract in the same fashion that he denies their individuality. Like most people, Locke would likely defend himself and his theories to the best of his abilities if he were able. Either way, Pateman's critique provides the opportunity for reexamination of a widely accepted theory and theorist. Works Cited Locke, John. Second Treatise of Government. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co, 1980. Pateman, Carole. The Sexual Contract. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1988. Comments: This is an evaluation of modern-feminist philosopher Carole Pateman's description of John Locke's theories.

Determining Lung Capacity

Determining lung capacity Experiment: This is the experiment of determining lung capacity. All the students in the group measured three types of different parameters: vital capacity, expiratory reserve and tidal volume. â€Å"Lung volumeizing refer to physical differences in lung volume, while lung capacities represent different combinations of lung volumes, usually in relation to inhalation and exhalation. The average pair of human lungs can hold about 6 liters of air, but only a small amount of this capacity is used during normal breathing. Several factors affect lung volumes, some that can be controlled and some that can not. Lung volumes can be measured using the following terms[1]: Table 1 Larger volumes |Smaller volumes | |males |Females | |taller people |shorter people | |non-smokers |smokers | |athletes |non-athletes | |people living at high altitudes |people living at low altitudes | The results that were measured during the experiment are showen in the table. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. Vital capacity is the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after maximal inspiration. The precise formula for measuring vital capacity is: Inspiratory reserve volume( IRV) + Tidal volume( TV) + Expiratory reserve volume (ERV). 2] My calculations showed next values of diameter of the balloon: First measurement = 19 cm Seco nd measurement = 20 cm Third measurement = 21 cm Fourth measurement = 21 cm Average one is = 20. 25 However, the only formula that we used in this experiment to calculate the volume in balloon is next one: VOLUME = 1. 33 [pic] r[pic], where r = [pic] of the average diameter of the balloon and [pic]= 3. 14. So in this case, vital capacity is: r = 10. 125 V= 1. 33 [pic] 3. 14 [pic]( 10. 125)[pic] V= 4334. 77 2. Expiratory reserve capacity is the amount of additional air that can be breathed out after the end expiratory level of normal breathing. 3] Expiratory reserve that was measured showed next values: First measurement =13. 5 cm Second measurement = 14 cm Third measurement = 13. 5 cm Fourth measurement = 14 cm Average one is = 13. 75 r = 6. 875 V = 1. 33 [pic] 3. 14 [pic]( 6. 875)[pic] V = 1357. 06 3. Tidal volume is the amount of air breathed in or out during normal respiration[4]. Tidal volume that was measured showe next results: First measurement = 15 cm Second measurement = 15 . 5 cm Third measurement = 15. 5 cm Fourth measurement = 15 cm Average one is = 15. 25 r = 7. 625 V = 1. 33 [pic] 3. 14 [pic]( 7. 625)[pic] V = 1851. 402 Conclusion: It is possible to deduce that each of the volumes is bigger in males than in females. This is because of the construction of the body, where men need larger lung capacity than women. In this way we proved the statement is the Table 1. The other thing that was proved is that athlets have much bigger lung capacity than those who don't play any sport. This is better shown in female example in this experiment. We can see also that the vital capacity is the largest because it represent the amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation. Tidal volume is smaller, because it is the air exhaled during normal respiration. However, it is also shown that Expiratory reserve is the smallest, because it represents the amount of air exhaled right before next inhalation. Evaluation: We could extend this experiment by measuring other values such as: 1. „Total Lung Capacity (TLC). The formula for calculating TLC is = IRV + TV + ERV + RV. This is the volume of gas contained in the lung at the end of maximal inspiration. 2. Forced vital capacity. This is the amount of air that can be maximally forced out of the lungs after a maximal inspiration. 3. Residual volume (RV). This is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. 4. Inspiratory reserve volume ( IRV). The formula for calcutaing IRV = VC- ( TV + ERV). This is the additional air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal breath in. 5. Functional residual capacity (FRC). The formula for calculating FRC = ERV+ RV. This is the amount of air left in the lungs after a tidal breath out. 6. Inspiratory capacity ( IC). The formula for calculating IC = TV + IRV. This is the volume that can be inhaled after a tidal breathe-out. †[5] In this way, it would be possible to calculate all the values using the right formulas. In this experiment, we might have some errors. During the measurement of the diameter of the balloon, it is possible that the values read on the ruler were wrong. [pic] Graph showing vital capacity of the students [pic] Graph showing expiratory reserve of the students [pic] Graph showing tidal volume of the students | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ———————– [1] www. wikipedia. com [2] www. wikipedia. com [3] www. wikipedia. com [4] www. wikipedia. com [5] www. wikipedia. com

Art Critiques - 2952 Words

Critiques Chapter 1: 1. Mona Lisa is one of the most famous pieces of art work in the world. Leonardo da Vinci used a light and dark contrast in this portrait to achieve the emphasis of her mysterious facial expression. (Page 2). 2. The artwork of the â€Å"Kenyan woman† there was a variety of colors. The colors in this work portrayed the beauty in different cultures. The smile of the Kenyan woman shows that happiness is beauty. (Page 3). 3. This picture is of the Column of Trajan in Rome, Italy. The spirals on this piece of architecture portray the victories of Napoleon Bonaparte. The history and antiqueness of this column makes this picture beautiful. (Page 8). Chapter 2: 1. Sol LeWitt’s â€Å"Lines from four corners to points†¦show more content†¦This image portrays the lava pouring out of a volcano as it explodes. (Page 129). 2. â€Å"Still Life, Tulips† is a watercolor painting done on paper by artist Emil Nolde. This painting represents the beauty of nature. The colors in this picture help express how beautiful nature can really be and that people really need to take the time to enjoy nature. (Page 131). 3. â€Å"Arcadia Revisted† is a spray paint on canvas done by artist Crash (John Matos). This piece of artwork looks very graffiti like. This picture portrays the energy of the era. (Page 132). Chapter 7: 1. Artist Chen Xuhai’s artwork known as â€Å"Golden Autumn† seems very complex. This piece of artwork seems to be of an aging face. The lines on the face represent the wrinkles on a person’s face. (Page 138). 2. â€Å"The Mothers† done by artist Kà ¤the Kollwitz emphasizes a mother’s love their child after a war. The facial expressions of the mothers and children seem to be very depressing, which gives this piece of artwork creates a sense of sorrow. (Page 145). 3. Edgar Degas’s masterpiece known as â€Å"The Ballet Master† shows a man teaching a woman ballet. It seems as if he is directing her as to what to do. This image seems to be a unique piece of art. (Page 147). Chapter 8: 1. â€Å"Young Lady with an Umbrella† shows a woman enjoying the presence of nature. This photography really captures the beauty in nature with the beautiful fall leaves. (Page 155). 2. â€Å"The BrownShow MoreRelatedViking Art : A Critique1615 Words   |  7 PagesViking Art : A Critique James Graham-Campbell’s Viking Art is an illustrated study of Viking art from the Scandinavian world from AD 800 to around AD 1100. Graham-Campbell chose not to focus on one particular style or one specific location, but instead paints a vivid picture of Viking art all over the Scandinavian world and how it changed and was adapted in various time periods of the Viking Age. The study explores the art styles of Oseberg c. 775- c. 875, Borre c.850- c. 950, Jellinge c. 900Read MoreCritique : Defining Art And Artworlds By Stephen Davies961 Words   |  4 PagesCritique â€Å"Defining Art and Artworlds† In the article â€Å"Defining Art and Artworlds† by Stephen Davies from The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, published in fall 2015, informs the readers that â€Å"[m]any of the late twentieth-century definitions of art were prompted by the challenge of controversial avant-garde works.† There are many contributions to consider before identifying any specific piece as a piece of art. Establishing what exactly qualifies an art-piece will develop further contributionsRead MoreQuestions On Institutional Critique And Practice Of An Art Producer4274 Words   |  18 PagesInstitutional Critique to Practice of an Art Producer. John Teddy Chan, B. Jonathan Chan â€Æ' Name: Jonathan Chan Student Number: CHA09269156 Course: MA Fine Art Year: 2014/15 University: UAL - Chelsea College of Arts Words: â€Æ' Content Introduction p.3 Institution Critique to Me p.5 Fred Wilson and Me p.11 Comparison of Institutional Critique to Me p.19 Conclusion p.22 Bibliography p.23 Images List p.24 â€Æ' Introduction â€Å"Today, art institutions,Read MoreDiderot s Critique On Art And Public Of The Eighteenth Century1484 Words   |  6 PagesDiderot’s critique stands out among other artistic critiques of the eighteenth century in the way he manages to engage not only what is on the canvas, but also in the way he is able to instill each composition’s elements with significance in a greater context. Diderot’s critic of Hubert Robert’s work, among others, in The Salon of 1767 serves as a lesson for both artists and observers. His writing engages both groups through exploration of the role antiquity, imagination, and temporality play inRead MorePop Art Form A Critique Of Post Wwii Society And Culture Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Pop Art form a critique of post-WWII society and culture or is it a celebration of high capitalism and consumption? Pop Art emerged in Britain in the late 50’s and the United States in the early 60’s.(Mamiya 1992) Pop Art is generally known today as a representation of celebrating popular culture and consumerism, however it’s background and origins are far more broad and extensive. There are many factors and influences that lead to the creation of the Pop Art movement such as adjusting toRead MoreArt Critique : Art Museum1512 Words   |  7 PagesArt Critique This past weekend I visited the Blanton Art Museum in Austin, Texas. It is located Near the Capital, on the edge of the street. I took a deep breath and put coins in the meter and headed for the door. Upon walking in I stood outside for a moment to take a look around, I have never been to an art museum before so I wanted to get the full effect before my critique. It was quiet, unusual for Austin but, there were people walking around the museum as well and taking pictures. In this eraRead MoreGuernica Art Critique934 Words   |  4 PagesCritique 1 When considering the painting â€Å"Guernica† by Pablo Picasso we must first consider why the piece meets the criteria of an actual work of art. First, we define wether the piece was made by an artist and why this artist is accredited. This painting was done by Picasso, one of the most renowned painters of his time. When mentioning the art of painting, Picasso is the first name that comes to the forefront of many minds. All artists and people alike recognized and continue to recognize Picasso’sRead MoreArt Critique : The Painting Of The Mia Will Be Portrait Of Catherine Coustard 764 Words   |  4 PagesKarina Silverstein Philosophy of Art 11/18/2015 Art Critique The paintings that I will be talking about from the MIA will be Portrait of Catherine Coustard (1673-1728), by Nicolas de Largilliere, Diogenes (17th century), by Johann Carl Loth, LES FLANEUSES (2008) by Ghada Amer, and Portrait of Lucia Wijbrants (1638-1719), by Gabriel Metsu. My critique will be from the perspective of Berger. when captions are added to a painting, it impacts the viewer and changes the meaning of the painting itselfRead MoreEssay about Autumn Rhythm by Jackson Pollock558 Words   |  3 PagesEssay Critique on Autumn Rhythm By Jackson Pollock I have chosen to critique the art masterpiece, Autumn Rhythm. Autumn Rhythm is oil on canvas, 8 9 x 17 3. It is my opinion, before you can critique Autumn Rhythm; you must try to understand the artist and his/her background. Artist Jackson Pollock was from a working class family who lived and worked in Wyoming, Arizona, and southern California. He studied at two different art schools; Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles and theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Christian College s ( Pcc ) Definition Of Art, And Dr. Francis Schaeffer s Criteria For Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesIntro Understanding art is often thought of as being an unreachable goal, but art should not be considered arbitrary because it influences the cultures and societies around us. The purpose of this paper is to define and also establish my opinions on Pensacola Christian College’s (PCC) definition of art, the bibliosophy of art, and Dr. Francis Schaeffer’s criteria for art. These topics are useful for artists as well as anyone else critiquing art, and can also serve as guidelines and standards for

Supersymmetry

Anyone who has studied basic science knows about the atom: the basic building block of matter as we know it. All of us, along with our planet, the solar system, stars, and galaxies, are made of atoms. But, atoms themselves are built from much smaller units called subatomic particles—electrons, protons, and neutrons. The study of these and other subatomic particles is called particle physics  the study of the nature of and interactions between these particles, which make up matter and radiation. One of the latest topics in particle physics research is supersymmetry which, like string theory, uses models of one-dimensional strings in place of particles to help explain certain phenomena that are still not well understood. The theory says that at the beginning of the universe when the rudimentary particles were being formed, an equal number of so-called superparticles or superpartners were created at the same time. Although this idea is not yet proven, physicists are using instruments such as the Large Hadron Collider to search for these superparticles. If they do exist, it would at least double the number of known particles in the cosmos. To understand supersymmetry, its best to start with a look at the particles that are known and understood in the universe. Dividing the Subatomic Particles Subatomic particles arent the smallest units of matter. They are made up of even tinier divisions called elementary particles, which themselves are considered by physicists to be excitations of quantum fields. In physics, fields are regions where each area or point is affected by a force, such as gravity or electromagnetism. Quantum refers to the smallest amount of any physical entity that is involved in interactions with other entities or affected by forces. The energy of an electron in an atom is quantized. A light particle, called a photon, is a single quantum of light. The field of quantum mechanics or quantum physics is the study of these units and how physical laws affect them. Or, think of it as the study of very small fields and discrete units and how they are affected by physical forces. Particles and Theories All known particles, including the sub-atomic particles, and their interactions are described by a theory called the Standard Model. It has 61 elementary particles which can combine to form composite particles. It is not yet a complete description of nature, but it gives enough for particle physicists to try and understand some fundamental rules about how matter is made up, particularly in the early universe. The Standard Model describes three of four fundamental forces in the universe: the electromagnetic force (which deals with interactions between electrically charged particles), the weak force (which deals with the interaction between subatomic particles that results in radioactive decay), and the strong force (which holds particles together at short distances). It does not explain the gravitational force. As mentioned above, it also describes the 61 particles known so far.   Particles, Forces, and Supersymmetry The study of the smallest particles and the forces that affect and govern them has led physicists to the idea of supersymmetry. It maintains that all particles in the universe are divided into two groups: bosons (which are subclassified into gauge bosons and one scalar boson) and fermions (which get subclassified as quarks and antiquarks, leptons and anti-leptons, and their various generations). The hadrons are composites of multiple quarks. The theory of supersymmetry posits that theres a connection between all these particle types and subtypes. So, for example, supersymmetry says that a fermion has to exist for every boson, or, for each electron, it suggests there is superpartner called a selectron and vice versa. These superpartners are connected to each other in some way. Supersymmetry is an elegant theory, and if it is proven to be true, it would go a long way toward helping physicists fully explain the building blocks of matter within the Standard Model and bring gravity into the fold. So far, however, superpartner particles have not been detected in experiments using the Large Hadron Collider. That doesnt mean they dont exist, but that they havent yet been detected. It can also help particle physicists pin down the mass of a very basic subatomic particle: the Higgs boson (which is a manifestation of something called the Higgs Field). This is the particle that gives all matter its mass, so its an important one to understand thoroughly. Why Is Supersymmetry Important? The concept of supersymmetry, while extremely complex, is, at its heart, a way to delve deeper into the fundamental particles that make up the universe. While particle physicists think they have found the very basic units of matter in the sub-atomic world, they are still a long way from understanding them completely. So, research into the nature of subatomic particles and their possible superpartners will continue. Supersymmetry may also help physicists zero in on the nature of dark matter. It is a (so far) unseen form of matter that can be detected indirectly by its gravitational effect on regular matter. It could well work out that the same particles being sought out in supersymmetry research could hold a clue to the nature of dark matter.

The Glass Menagerie - 1464 Words

The theme of Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie is conflict. The play contains both internal and external conflict. The absence of Toms father forces external turmoil and conflict between Tom the protagonist, and his mother the antagonist. The internal conflict is seen within Tom through his constant references to leaving home and his selfishness. The play is about a young aspiring poet named Tom, who works at a shoe warehouse. Tom is unhappy with is life at home mainly because of his overbearing, over protective mother named Amanda. Tom also has a sister within the play named Laura who chooses to isolate herself from the rest of society. During the play Toms relationship with his mother is filled with very harsh and abrasive†¦show more content†¦Within the quote Tom proves he is a coward because he tries to find the easy way out of handling his problems by leaving. Tom believes his absence is a well deserved punishment for his mother and boss because he was forced to fi ll his fathers shoes. The portrayal of Toms character is similar to Jessies because they both feel leaving is the only way to solve their problems. Much like Tom, Jessie chooses to solve hers within the play by leaving through death. Both Jessie and Tom feel handling their predicaments by leaving are justifiable and suitable. For instance, Jessies cowardliness is displayed when Thelma says, You can keep trying. You can get brave and try some more. You dont have to give up!(Norman 1486). It is clearly seen within the quote Thelma equates Jessie to a quitter because she realizes Jessie is abandoning her many problems by giving up. Jessies desperation and lack of confidence compliment her depiction as a coward. In the same way, Stein believes Tom is coward when he says, Toms desire to escape from home and the warehouse and Amandas belief (Stein 4). Steins references to the things Tom abandons during the play emphasizes Toms cowardly manner. Stein realizes Tom would rather act irrationa lly and not try to solve his problems as opposed to acting rationally and solving the problems. As has been noted, the portrayal of Tom as a coward helps to elaborate on the theme of conflict.Show MoreRelatedThe Glass Menagerie561 Words   |  2 PagesThe twentieth century was a century full of memorable events. These events influence most everything going on around them. Tennessee Williams’s play, The Glass Menagerie, influenced twentieth century American theatre and continues to influence theatre to this day. Many unforgettable things happened in the twentieth century. On October 24th, 1929 the stock market crashes (Daniel 375). This sends the country into a panic. In other countries much more is going on such as the Holocaust. On SeptemberRead More Essay on the Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚   Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, describes three separate characters, their dreams, and the harsh realities they face in a modern world.   The Glass Menagerie exposes the lost dreams of a southern family and their desperate struggle to escape reality. Williams use of symbols adds depth to the play. The glass menagerie itself is a symbol Williams uses to represent the broken lives of Amanda, Laura and Tom Wingfield andRead MoreThe And The Glass Menagerie1597 Words   |  7 Pagessituations can lead to a woman to be too mothering. It is a factor that transcends real life. This conflict causing dynamic is very prevalent in numerous stories, films, and plays. Two plays where it is shown in significance are Machinal and The Glass Menagerie. In both cases, the actions taken by the mother roles in the shows, resulted in some of the character’s roles ending in unfortunate events of some sort. Sophie Treadwell’s Machinal was loosely based and i nspired by the murder trial ofRead MoreEssay on Glass Menagerie722 Words   |  3 Pages Compare amp; Contrast Essay nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams contained well-characterized characters. The quot;Dead Poetamp;#8217;s Societyquot; also contained a great set of characters that were similar to those in The Glass Menagerie. It is fair to say that the characters of The Glass Menagerie and the characters of quot;Dead Poetamp;#8217;s Societyquot; are more similar than different. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Both stories had no main characters;Read MoreGlass Menagerie Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesGlass Menagerie Written Responses Topic: Discuss how a theme is developed in the play through two characters. Provide 3 pieces of evidence to support the theme as it applies to each character. â€Å" The Glass Menagerie †, a memory play by Tennessee Williams, not only depicts the depressing andRead MoreA Glued Glass Menagerie.500 Words   |  2 PagesA Glued Glass Menagerie. A hopelessly romantic â€Å"Southern Belle†, Amanda Wingfield is said to be the â€Å"most dramatic character of The Glass Menagerie.† Amanda’s part in this particular play is that of an expressive mother who has been brought into the real world by the digressing economy, and new world form. Life as she knew it changed in a powerful way. In Tennessee William’s The Glass Menagerie, Amanda Wingfield is a caring mother who desperately tries to create a perfect world within her not-so-perfectRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie Essay1802 Words   |  8 PagesThe Glass Menagerie-Journal Entry #1 If you could change the outcome of the story, what change would you make? If I could change the outcome of the story, I would have allowed Laura and Jim O’Connor to get married. I would have made this change because then Amanda’s problem would have been solved, and Laura would have had financial support in the future. Another reason I would have made this change is because Jim O’Connor would have been the ideal man for Laura because he connected with her.Read More The Glass Menagerie Essay685 Words   |  3 PagesThe Glass Menagerie Symbolism is a major aspect in Tennessee Williams famous play, The Glass Menagerie. On the surface, the short slice of life story seems to be simple. However, if the reader digs deeper they will find that there are several symbols that give the play a deeper meaning. Each character defines each symbol in a different way. There are some very noticeable symbols that can be analyzed when studying The Glass Menagerie. The first is the actual glass menagerie that representsRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie : An Autobiography1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe Glass Menagerie: An Autobiography Tennessee William’s The Glass Menagerie is, by definition, a memory play. (Southeastern) It’s written from the point of view of Tom Wingfield, and outlines the events that caused him to flee his family, the entire story filled with undertones of guilt, as he regrets leaving his sister, Laura. The entire situation is eerily similar to the life of Williams, with the characters mimicking his real-life family – even similarly named – and the (arguably) main characterRead MoreThe Themes of the Glass Menagerie1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Themes of the Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie is the story of the Wingfield family, Amanda, the mother, Tom, son, and Laura, daughter. The Wingfield’s story is one in which contains many underlying themes that each character experiences throughout the play. This essay will explore in depth looks at the themes, difficulty accepting reality, the impossibility of a true escape, and the unrelenting power of memory, as well as each characters issues with abandonment left

Leadership for Transformational and Charismatic - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Transformational and Charismatic. Answer: Definition of Leadership Leadership in plain words refers to certain skills and abilities of an individual who excels in leading other persons thereby convincing them to pursue his/ her objectives and purposes collectively. However, it is quite likely that most of the persons must be aware regarding the above mentioned statements. However, after undergoing the class activities, discussions and readings I have comprehended that there are other criteria that require to be fulfilled by any successful leader such as style, strategy and method implemented by the leader. Again on the contrary, the leadership styles, approaches and strategies are affected by other external and internal factors as well as certain specific challenges (Offermann et al., 1994). According to my point of view, the challenges that influence the leadership patterns can be digitalization, change in economics of the market, governmental policies, in-house administration problems, discourse strategy and communication and others. Therefore, to me the definition of leadership is termed as the ongoing activity conducted to make the environmental conditions suitable, possessing knowledge regarding my team members and also knowing myself well including the limitations, acting as a facilitator by rendering the apt tools required for the team members, maintaining a humble and open attitude with positive outlook and authenticism, framing and setting objectives, imprinting the minds of my team members with leadership skills and ideas thereby forming future leaders, active listener and so on (Northouse, 2012). Leadership Learning and its Benefits There are factors that govern the effective leadership qualities and traits. They are the legitimacy, intentions, initiative, morality and behaviour. Further I have learnt over week 1 that successful leadership follows a structure and strategy which helps not only the employees and the leader to become successful bit also help the company achieve competitive advantage in the market. It is anticipated that there must be reasons behind organizations possessing diverse authoritative layers and bosses. As it is stated that organizations never fail, but strategies fail and similar is the situation for leadership. It is not the organization that fails to attain productivity and economic gains but it is the leadership styles and strategies incorporated that might not be rational and apt for the situation (Pearce et al., 2008). Further I have learned that leadership is significant in providing the assurance to smooth functionality of the organization. Moreover, it is dependent on the leaders to ensure whether the workforce gets fair remuneration in consideration to time, amount of work done and money. Further I have observed that inefficient leadership in most cases led to people related problems within the organization. Therefore, it gives me enough hints that efficient leadership will certainly create a positive working environment within the organization where the other following members will also get a feeling of being valued and that will certainly add to the overall momentum and performance of the company (Bass Bass, 2009). Especially the 5 factors that influence good leadership must be articulated whether within an organization or personally. For instance, the factor legitimacy in leadership that refers to the power that the individual possess in his/ her previous designation relating to companys hierarchy appears to be one crucial aspect in front of me. This is because previously I believed that the CEOs or the directors exerts their own leadership power according to their ways which is wrong as these leaders are obligated by the policies of the government to use and exert their legitimate power. Further I understood that it is mainly based upon the aspects of perception as well as reality (Avolio, 2007). Another point that I noted is to become a leader seems fine but what matters most is the intention of a leader. Intentions might be good or bad and that tend to affect the tasks and responsibilities and the lives of the followers as well as the organizations. For example, Saddam Hussein, Osama Bin Laden has also been leaders in their spheres but what segregated them from the world are their intentions. Similarly Barrack Obama is a successful global leader and can be separated from the above mentioned two considering his intentions. Therefore legitimacy, intentions, initiative, morality and behaviour are certain significant factors that govern the traits and effectiveness of leadership is what I mainly learned (Finkelstein et al., 2009). Leadership Implications for the Future Though the definition of leadership appears to be a leader motivating and convincing a group of people to follow his/ her dreams and objectives, well it is not that simple. There are other different layers that come to play to sustain the leadership qualities. Especially with the advent of globalization, the work culture and organizational culture must be kept in mind so as to make ways for global leaders to emerge. The global leaders must be skilled with qualities like entrepreneurism, adaptive capability, collaborative thinking pattern, possessing curious mind, imaginative faculty, effective communication as well as problem solving skills. Organizational culture as I have learnt signifies the culture and the interaction that flows within the organization (Schein, 2010). Culture refers to a behaviour that is practiced and instilled within the internal environment by the successful leaders and that flows outside the organization rendering a glimpse of the working culture. My point is that the organizational culture is inspired by the leaders and their strategies. For example, Hyatts culture stresses on diversity and inclusion. Hyatt not only gives preference to its guests but also its human resources by calling them its associates. Further Mark Hoplamazian, the President of Hyatt puts emphasis on the aspect that the workforce of the company must be treated with diversity and all inclusive work policies so that they are able to pass it on to their consumers according to Hyatt Corporation, (2017). Therefore, I might put it like it is the leader who imprints the thought process of an organization through his/ her way of thinking. Therefore the implications that the leaders are the significant drivers who possess the ability to imbibe their thought process and target upon their followers thereby applying certain effective and innovative strategies is what I have learned and consider to be worthy of application in my future job areas. However, these strategies can be empowering the employees, showing compassion and intelligence in handling situations, charismatic attitude, instilling confidence within the hearts of the group members, giving preference to innovative ideas even while it comes from a lower level employee, following the bottom-top approach rather than going top-bottom and many more (Lussier Achua, 2015). More Leadership Learning Certainly there are a lot of things that I would like to learn regarding leadership. Nonetheless, I have leant on how to become a successful leader and what makes him/ her successful. Moreover, I have also considered the strategies to effective leadership. However, what lingers in my mind is that it is critical to know regarding the barriers to successful leadership as I might be well equipped with my set of strategies in dealing with the hindrances. For example, prior to reading I nurtured the notion that it is the leaders who communicate policies according to their ways and that is being followed stressed Groves, (2007). However, I comprehended that there has to be effective communication between the leader and his/ her group where the leader shoulders the difficult responsibility in convincing the group members. If considered, then in effective communication might crop up as a barrier to good leadership thereby hampering the inner atmosphere of the organization and its productivity. Similarly there are other barriers such as taking the success for granted, overlooking the learning lessons that is derived from committing mistakes, not possessing sufficient knowledge and information regarding the external and internal environment, creating hindrances for the team to finish its jobs and more. Therefore these are the areas where I believe that learning and gaining knowledge is crucial as it will help me while I work as a manager or supervisor in my organization as per the statements of Dinh et al., (2014). Developing Leadership Knowledge and Skills As far as developing leadership knowledge and skills are concerned, I am currently undergoing an online course on leadership. I expect that from this course I would gain much and knowledge pertaining to leadership areas will be more cultivated than it was before. Further I could do more learning on books and the best way to learn is to work practically and gaining experience through practical knowledge. This is because in books there will be theories that I will learn but to implement the same I require to work and be ready to face several sorts of situations. However as a leader, I would apply innovative initiatives in order to take the advantage of the opportunities (Kalshoven et al., 2011). I believe that the successful and healthy companies do recognize the leadership skills and knowledge within any individual and simply not observe the strict and formal managerial tasks. Therefore, even as a part of an organization, I can always display my initiating attitude thereby sharing ideas and responsibilities which will certainly add mileage to my leadership career and personal development. Moreover I must always exhibit a can do attitude whenever situation demands trying to resolve the problems that might arise rather than turning those to other individuals. It is also critical to exhibit confidence, courage and enthusiasm regarding shouldering of responsibilities and situations thereby coining innovative strategies and implementing of skills of myself as well as other people whenever situation requires (Day Harrison, 2007). My Developmental Opportunities There are certain methods that might serve as my developmental opportunities in the path to effective leadership. the first and foremost opportunity that I regard to be is working as a manager or supervisor in an organization and getting to learn and gain more of practical knowledge as well as an evaluation of the market and its environment. Then getting accessibility to hindrances and challenges might test my knowledge thereby allowing me with the opportunity to handle such difficult situations and developing further leadership skills from there. For example, I might look forward to participate in challenging situations of my organization which will also enhance my communicative skills, problem solving skills, sharing of responsibilities with senior officials as well as other co-workers (Antonakis House, 2013). Therefore this appears as one of the scopes to developing leadership knowledge and skills. Further I might simply look forward to forming a group comprising personnel from diverse departments and share visions and ideas with them. This will help me in instances of complex projects where I get to work with different people coming from different background thereby gaining more knowledge regarding strategic issues and diversity. Further there is also great scope in learning about companys culture and getting one with it which will certainly serve as another developmental opportunity in the journey to successful leadership (Uhl-Bien et al., 2007). Improvement Strategies when Required There are many places that might require improvement through the incorporation of effective strategies within an organization. The improvement areas can be the team building, work culture, corporate communication, overall organizational strategy and many more. For example, team building calls for a massive innovation thereby allowing the leaders to implement their emotional intelligence, discipline, knowledge and experience. Moreover the leaders must possess the comprehension of handling people skills, their limitations, qualities and others. Recognition is one criterion that requires to be fulfilled while the leader ventures for team building (Woolley et al., 2011). Again on the other hand, improving the work culture requires certain factors from the leaders to fulfil such as nurturing vision and helping other members of the working environment see it and believe in it. Instilling trust within the work place is another crucial aspect that must always be considered. Sharing of knowledge and responsibilities will naturally kindle the leadership spirit in the concerning individuals as well as transparent communication must be achieved. I learnt that whenever situation requires improvement, these are few strategies that a leader might formulate to improve the scenario (Avolio, 2007). References Antonakis, J., House, R. J. (2013). The full-range leadership theory: The way forward. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Avolio, B. J. (2007). Promoting more integrative strategies for leadership theory-building.American Psychologist,62(1), 25. Bass, B. M., Bass, R. (2009).The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. Simon and Schuster. Day, D. V., Harrison, M. M. (2007). A multilevel, identity-based approach to leadership development.Human Resource Management Review,17(4), 360-373. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 36-62. Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C., Cannella, A. A. (2009).Strategic leadership: Theory and research on executives, top management teams, and boards. Oxford University Press, USA. Groves, K. S. (2007). Integrating leadership development and succession planning best practices.Journal of management development,26(3), 239-260. Hyatt Corporation. (2017). Diversity and Inclusion | Hyatt Workplace. Hyattworkplace.com. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from https://www.hyattworkplace.com/our-workplace/diversity-inclusion Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., De Hoogh, A. H. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire (ELW): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure.The Leadership Quarterly,22(1), 51-69. Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015).Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Northouse, P. G. (2012).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Offermann, L.R., Kennedy, J.K., and Wirtz, P.W. (1994). Implicit leadership theories: content, structure, and generalizability. Leadership Quarterly, 5(1), 43-58. Pearce, C. L., Conger, J. A., Locke, E. A. (2008). Shared leadership theory.The Leadership Quarterly,19(5), 622-628. Schein, E. H. (2010).Organizational culture and leadership(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., McKelvey, B. (2007). Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era.The leadership quarterly,18(4), 298-318. Woolley, L., Caza, A., Levy, L. (2011). Authentic leadership and follower development: Psychological capital, positive work climate, and gender.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,18(4), 438-448.

Sasa Background free essay sample

Sasa Company has about 240 of retail sale shops and counters in Asia area. Otherwise, in Asia, there have six main markets in Hong Kong, Mainland, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan and Macau. Also Sasa Company hired around 4000 employees. It sells more about 600 brands products, include skin-care product, perfume, toiletry, hairlogist, body-care product and beauty nutrition product. t is very popular in Asia because in Sasa there have more choice to give customer to buy, sometimes Sasa also will agent some of the brand for only their company to sell out to attract more customers to buy their products. Sasa’s target customers include young female, lady and family(daily product),man, actually Sasa’s products are suitable for great majority people to use, most of the type for their product is skin-care product, it is useful for children, female and man so Sasa have a large target customers to make this company be more popular in these years. We will write a custom essay sample on Sasa Background or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The position that we have selected in Sasa Company is buyer. Buyer is a very important position in a company, it decide what, which product the company will sell in the market so buyer must very clear about what the customers need in the market what type of product will attract more. After to confirm which type or which brand of the product the company should choose, buyer have to talk with the brand company about the authority of agency, include the price, the time-limit, etc.. So buyer must have a good connect skill with people and the sense of responsibility. There have a vacancy in Sasa company because this position’s requests are very high and lots companies are need this position mostly, most the company they have be deficient in buyers, because the candidate must have more experience in similar job in the past so just can handle this job well and truly, also the candidate must have a good language culture to contact with their brand company, have a nice social contact in the related trade.